The Law Of Supply Vs The Law Of Demand
KEY TAKEAWAYS
About Law of Supply And Law of Demand
- The law of demand says that at higher prices, buyers will demand less of an economic good.
- The law of supply says that at higher prices, sellers will supply more of an economic good.
- These two laws interact to determine the actual market prices and volume of goods that are traded on a market.
- Several independent factors can affect the shape of market supply and demand, influencing both the prices and quantities that we observe in markets.
Explaining the Law of Supply
There are three main reasons why supply curves are drawn as sloping upwards from left to right giving a positive relationship between the market price and quantity supplied:
- The profit motive: When the market price rises following an increase in demand, it becomes more profitable for businesses to increase their output
- Production and costs: When output expands, a firm’s production costs tend to rise, therefore a higher price is needed to cover these extra costs of production. This may be due to the effects of diminishing returns as more factor inputs are added to production.
- New entrants coming into the market: Higher prices may create an incentive for other businesses to enter the market leading to an increase in total supply.
Understanding the Law of Supply and Demand
The law of supply and demand, one of the most basic economic laws, ties into almost all economic principles in some way. In practice, supply and demand pull against each other until the market finds an equilibrium price.
However, multiple factors can affect both supply and demand, causing them to increase or decrease in various ways.
Law of Demand vs. Law of Supply
The law of demand states that, if all other factors remain equal, the higher the price of a good the less people will demand that good
In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. The amount of a good that buyers purchase at a higher price is less because as the price of a good goes up, so does the opportunity cost of buying that good.
As a result, people will naturally avoid buying a product that will force them to forgo the consumption of something else they value more. The chart below shows that the curve is a downward slope.
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Like the law of demand, the law of supply demonstrates the quantities that will be sold at a certain price. But unlike the law of demand, the supply relationship shows an upward slope.
This means that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied. Producers supply more at a higher price because selling a higher quantity at a higher price increases revenue.
Unlike the demand relationship, however, the supply relationship is a factor of time. Time is important to supply because suppliers must, but cannot always, react quickly to a change in
demand or price. So it is important to try and determine whether a price change that is caused by demand will be temporary or permanent.
Let’s say there’s a sudden increase in the demand and price for umbrellas in an unexpected rainy season; suppliers may simply accommodate demand by using their production equipment more intensively.
If, however, there is a climate change, and the population will need umbrellas year-round, the change in demand and price will be expected to be long term; suppliers will have to change their equipment and production facilities in order to meet the long-term levels of demand.
Shifts vs. Movement
For economics, the “movements” and “shifts” in relation to the supply and demand curves represent very different market phenomena.
A movement refers to a change along a curve. On the demand curve, a movement denotes a change in both price and quantity demanded from one point to another on the curve. The movement implies that the demand relationship remains consistent.
Therefore, a movement along the demand curve will occur when the price of the good changes and the quantity demanded changes in accordance to the original demand relationship. In other words, a movement occurs when a change in the quantity demanded is caused only by a change in price, and vice versa.
Like a movement along the demand curve, a movement along the supply curve means that the supply relationship remains consistent.
Therefore, a movement along the supply curve will occur when the price of the good changes and the quantity supplied changes in accordance to the original supply relationship. In other words, a movement occurs when a change in quantity supplied is caused only by a change in price, and vice versa.
Meanwhile, a shift in a demand or supply curve occurs when a good’s quantity demanded or supplied changes even though price remains the same. For instance, if the price for a bottle of beer was $2 and the quantity of beer demanded increased from Q1 to Q2, then there would be a shift in the demand for beer.
Shifts in the demand curve imply that the original demand relationship has changed, meaning that quantity demand is affected by a factor other than price. A shift in the demand relationship would occur if, for instance, beer suddenly became the only type of alcohol available for consumption.
Conversely, if the price for a bottle of beer was $2 and the quantity supplied decreased from Q1 to Q2, then there would be a shift in the supply of beer. Like a shift in the demand curve, a shift in the supply curve implies that the original supply curve has changed, meaning that the quantity supplied is effected by a factor other than price.
A shift in the supply curve would occur if, for instance, a natural disaster caused a mass shortage of hops; beer manufacturers would be forced to supply less beer for the same price.
How Do Supply and Demand Create an Equilibrium Price?
Also called a market-clearing price, the equilibrium price is the price at which the producer can sell all the units he wants to produce and the buyer can buy all the units he wants.
At any given point in time, the supply of a good brought to market is fixed. In other words the supply curve in this case is a vertical line, while the demand curve is always downward sloping due to the law of diminishing marginal utility. Sellers can charge no more than the market will bear based on consumer demand at that point in time.
Over time however, suppliers can increase or decrease the quantity they supply to the market based on the price they expect to be able to charge. So over time the supply curve slopes upward; the more suppliers expect to be able to charge, the more they will be willing to produce and bring to market.
With an upward sloping supply curve and a downward sloping demand curve it is easy to visualize that at some point the two will intersect. At this point, the market price is sufficient to induce suppliers to bring to market that same quantity of goods that consumers will be willing to pay for at that price.
Supply and demand are balanced, or in equilibrium. The precise price and quantity where this occurs depends on the shape and position of the respective supply and demand curves, each of which can be influenced by a number of factors.
Factors Affecting Supply
Production capacity, production costs such as labor and materials, and the number of competitors directly affect how much supply businesses can create. Ancillary factors such as material availability, weather, and the reliability of supply chains also can affect supply.
Factors Affecting Demand
The number of available substitutes, consumer preferences, and the shifts in the price of complementary products affect demand. For example, if the price of video game consoles drops, the demand for games for that console may increase as more people buy the console and want games for it.
The law of demand states that quantity purchased varies inversely with price. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded.
Demand theory is a principle relating to the relationship between consumer demand for goods and services and their prices.
Equilibrium Quantity Definition
Equilibrium quantity is when there is no shortage or surplus of an item. Supply matches demand, prices stabilize and, in theory, everyone is happy.
The quantity supplied is a term used in economics to describe the amount of goods or services that are supplied at a given market price.
A supply curve is a representation of the relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity supplied for a given period of time.
Demand is an economic principle that describes consumer willingness to pay a price for a good or service.
